Radio Station Interview Essay Example for Free

Radio Station Interview EssayAs an AB Communication student, our professor requires us to have a Radio Station see in one of our major subjects. Our professor gave us a set of questions that we remove to ask to the DJ there and we prepared two more questions to be asked. We choose 10.1 YES FM as a Radio Station that we result visit.We had an interview with Mr. Richard Sarmiento also known as Rico Paero who has a communicate program all(prenominal) Monday-Friday from 3pm-6pm. We choose Ms.Abegail Lamban, One of our group mates to interview him.Her first question that we asked to him was his perception about radio station organizational coordinate. His final result was the production staff, traffic that is in charge for the organization of the commercials side by side(p) is the Production Assistant they are always on the field assist the upcoming events and the go bad is the Radio Stations Djs. match to Rico, there are 11 DJs in 101.1 YES FM.Our next question is how we ca n know the right organizational structure of a radio station when it comes to programming. in that respect will be a radio clock headed by a radio clock headed by a radio director whos responsible for the radio program that they will go to air they are also in charge on what songs they will play. The program runs by one talk set for each DJ good for five minutes, fifteen minutes are al setted for the radio commercials, x minutes are for adlibs and forty minutes is for the songs Rico Paero answered.The following question that she asked is about the sustainable and functions of Radio Stations. Their transmitters are located near SM Megamall. The person who is in charge in that field is the program director, event manager, technicians and engineers who is in charge for the wirings. He cite some of the situations that they need to function as whole, he shared to us when Nicole Hyala needs a maternity leave they need to buy a lots of gadgets for them to have on air give way all the wa y from Novaliches. In their field of work, there are also misunderstandings between DJs and technicians that can be resolve by a simple talk.The next question is regarding the various radio formats. According to Rico Paero, only DJ Chico Loco has a radio program title. She also asked him if they are devising a way if the listeners are suffering. Their boss arranged the time for them to allow talking. They also read some of the feedbacks especially of it are about their signal as if they dont have a good signal on that particular location and it sounds like mono that youre listening to an AM Station. There should be a limit in reading feedbacks and greetings.The fifth question is the Scriptwriting for radio. Rico Paero said, Some of the DJs who made script are the new ones and they need to have a guide on what to say on air. He also added that you should be prepared of the topic before the microphone went on. According to him, there should be an introduction wherein you need to intr oduce yourself, you must cite some situation like traffic updates and weather condition. Your topic must be relatable for your listeners and current events or news. Rico Paero shared to us some of the techniques if you are running out of words you should greet someone or promote some of the endorsements. Our last question that our professor prepared is the techniques in announcing for Radio. Rico Paero said that you should be prepared of what you are going to say, it should be credible and it is necessary that you have a big voice and projection.My other group mates prepared another three questions for Rico Paero one of our questions is his panorama about playing OPM songs every hour. Majority of our songs that we play in our station is OPM there is no problem about that Rico Paero answered.Abegail also asked him why is it that every Sunday, they need to play old songs is it necessary for them to play old songs. The elders want the songs that they can easily relate to it and the listeners are also hooked that every Sunday there will be old songs to be played as Rico Paero answered.The last question that been asked does the television helped a lot in the music industry of the Philippines. The singers or bands get notice not because of the television but because of the radio Rico Paero answered confidently. The singers and bands get more historied if they already have an album that can be played in radio. That ended our exciting and very humble interview to him.

A Solar Cell (The Photovoltaic Cell) Essay

A Solar Cell (The photovoltaic Cell) EssayA solar mobile ph genius or the photovoltaic cell is an electrical artifice that converts light energy photographic filmly into electrical energy. This cell when exposed to light stack arrest and support an electric time period rate without existence attached to any external voltage source. The solar cell personas the photovoltaic inwardness to produce electricity.thw word Photovoltaic comes from the Greek word meaning light, and from the word Volt, which is the the unit of electro-motive force excessively the word volt comes from the last name of the inventor of the battery (electrochemical cell), the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta. then we get the term photo-voltaic.The photovoltaic effect, in brief, is a process in which electric electric current is produced in a material upon exposure to light. The photovoltaic effect being directly related to the photoelectric effect is real a contrasting phenomenon. In photovoltaic effect, the light is incident upon the material grow the negatrons put in in the valance peal of the atom absorb energy from the light and jump to the conduction band (band theory). Now these electrons ar attracted by a positively shipd electrode and thus the circuit is completed and the light energy is converted into electric energy. On the other(a) hand, in photoelectric effect, the electrons ar ejected from a materials surface upon exposure to radiation.Photovoltaic systems are extraordinary and very useful with a huge list of advantages. The reason they are so unique is they abide no moving intermits (in the classical mechanical sense) to wear out. there are no fluids or gases (except in hybrid systems) that advise leak out. The best part about these is that they need no fuel to operate. Having a rapid response, they achieve full output instantly. These cells can operate at moderate temperatures producing no taint while producing electricity, although waste produc ts from their manufacture and toxic gases in the steadyt of catastrophic failure and disposal may be a concern. Solar cells require minuscule maintenance if properly manufactured and installed.Silicon, the second most abundant element in the earths crust can be apply to make these cells. Thus, their production is practicable on a big(p) scale with an added advantage of them being modular, permitting a wide range of solar-electric applications much(prenominal) as1) Small scale for remote applications and residential use.2) Intermediate scale for business and neighborhood supplementary authority.3) Large scale for centralized energy farms of square kilometers size.Solar cells have a sexual relationly exalted conversion efficiency giving the eminentest overall conversion efficiency from sunlight to electricity yet measured. This gives them wide power-handling capabilities, from microwatts to megawatts. Clearly, photovoltaic cells have an appealing range of characteristics. 11. 1 narrativeThe physical phenomenon responsible for converting light to electricity-the photovoltaic effect-was setoff observed in 1839 by a French physicist, Edmund Becquerel. Becquerel noned that a voltage appeared when one of cardinal identical electrodes in a weak conducting solution was illuminated. The Photovoltaic effect was first to be noticed and looked in solids, e.g. selenium, in the 1870s. However, it was in 1883 Charles Fritts built the first solid state photovoltaic cell he coated the semiconductor selenium with an extremely debase layer of gold to form the junctions. The device was except around 1% in effect(p). In 1888 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov built the first photoelectric cell establish on the outer photoelectric effect discover by Heinrich Hertz earlier in 1887.The first practical photovoltaic cell was true in 1954 at Bell Laboratories by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson. A diffused silicon p-n junction was used by them th is junction could reach 6% efficiency, as compared to the selenium cells in which it was difficult to reach 0.5%. At first, cells were developed for toys and other minimal uses, since the cost of the electricity they produced then was very high i.e. a cell that produces 1 watt of electrical power in smart sunlight cost about $250, compared to $2 to $3 per watt for a coal plant. 2In 1958, the U.S. Vanguard space satellite used a baseborn (less than one-watt) array of cells to power its radio. These cells posted so well that the space scientists soon realized the Photovoltaic could be a very effective power source for legion(predicate) another(prenominal) space missions. Technological development of the solar cell has been a part of the space program ever since then. Besides the space programs, another source is the transistor industry has contributed greatly to solar-cell technology. Transistors and PV cells are made from similar materials, and their workings are determined by numerous of the same physical mechanisms. A great join of research and development has been done in improving and developing the ever-useful transistor, and there has been a regular discovery of valuable information in relation to solar cells. This situation has reversed in recent times and much of the research happening in PV is affecting transistor technology.1.2 EFFICIANCY OF SOLAR CELLSToday, photovoltaic systems are fitted of transforming one kilowatt of solar energy falling on one square meter into about a hundred watts of electricity. One hundred watts can power most household appliances like television, stereo, or a lamp and so forth . In fact, on a standard basis a roof covered with solar cells facing the sun in a typical home provides about 8500-kilowatthours of electricity one-yearly, which also is almost equal to a average households annual consumption on electricity. On comparison, a present-day, 200-ton electric-arc steel furnace, demanding electricity worth 50,000 kilowatts, would for a PV power supply, require about a square kilometer of land. trusted grammatical constituents make capturing solar energy difficult. Apart from the suns low illuminating power per square meter, sunlight is discontinuous and is moved(p) by time of day, climate, pollution, and season. Power sources based on photovoltaic require either back-up from other sources or storage for times when the sun is obscured. Moreover, the cost of a photovoltaic system is very high (electricity from PV systems in 1980 cost about 20 times * that from conventional systems powered by fossil fuels). Thus, solar energy for photovoltaic conversion into electricity is abundant, inexhaustible, and somewhat yet, on the other hand it also requires special techniques to gather enough of it effectively.When sunlight is incident on the solar cell, most of the energy is lost even before it can be converted to electricity. Maximal sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiencies for solar cells range up to 30% (and even higher for some exceedingly conglomerate cell designs), but typical efficiencies are 10%-15%. Most current work on cells is directed at enhancing efficiency while lowering cost. authoritative physical processes limit cell efficiency-some are inherent and cannot be changed many can be improved by proper design.Reflection is the first agentive role that reduces the efficiency of the cell. Normal, untreated silicon reflects 36% (or more) of the sunlight that strikes it. This would be a horrendous loss in terms of efficiency. Fortunately, there are several ship canal of treating cell surfaces to cut reflection drastically. By dint of these methods, reflection can be lowered to a quite manageable 5% or so.The second factor affecting the electricity production and then, in turn, the efficiency of the cell is the intensity of light falling on it. Now, this light can be of two types--Light that is not energetic enough to separate electrons from their atomic b onds.-Light that has extra energy beyond that needed to separate electrons from bonds.Both of the above types of light contribute in reduce the efficiency of the cell. Light entering a solar cell can-a. Go right through it.b. Become absorbed, generating heat in the form of atomic vibrations.c. set out an electron from its atomic bond, producing an electron-hole pair.d. Produce an electron-hole pair but have an excess of energy, which then becomes heat.Only (c) is a near-perfect means of transforming sunlight into electricity.Since the suns spectrum has a wide class of energies and intensities, the key is to match a material and its characteristic band gap energy with the spectrum so that the maximum amount of energy in the suns spectrum falls skillful above the characteristic energy.The third factor that reduces the efficiency of the cell is electron-hole recombination.There are two ways in which recombination of electrons and holes occurs, which can be characterized as direct a nd indirect recombination.-Direct Recombination Direct recombination is relatively rare. It happens when an electron and a hole randomly encounter each other, and the electron falls back into the hole. Thus the materials original bonds are reasserted, and the electrons and holes energies are lost as heat.-Indirect Recombination Indirect recombination can occur in many ways. (Indirect means that the electron and hole do not just depart into each other and combine-the interaction is influenced by further circumstances.) Contrary to what one might expect, indirect recombination is much more of a problem in solar cells than direct recombination.Resistance is a factor which reduced efficiency of almost all bedn electrical appliances and the solar cell is no several(predicate). Resistance losings in solar cells occur predominantly in ternion places in the bulge of the base material, in the narrow top-surface layer typical of many cells and at the interface between the cell and the el ectric strikings leading to an external circuit. Resistance losses lower voltage and enhance the chances of recombination of upsurges, reducing current. Usually it is better to highly dope silicon to reduce resistance as highly doped silicon has numerous free carriers to conduct the current.After considering the various factors discussed, we can actually look forward to see and study the construction of the solar cells with maximum possible efficiency. 3-101.3 types AND GENERATIONS of solar cellsSolar cells can be of many types as we know them. Todays modern technology has allowed us to be able to study each in detail and help with improving energy output and increasing efficiency.There are three types of solar cell-Amorphous cells,PolycrystallineMonocrystalline.Amorphous, also known as the thin-film solar cells are more commonly seen in devices like toys, calculators etc. Monocrystalline solar cells are cut from one silicon metal bar which is got from a single large silicon crys tal. Polycrystalline cells are cut from an ingot derived from many smaller crystals.Mono cells are made by growing an ingot of the silicon crystal from a smaller crystal, hence the name mono-crystalline or single-crystal. This ingot is then trimmed and sliced into wafers.In case of polycrystalline cells, molten silicon is poured into a square mould allowing it to set. Now silicon cools and sets at diametric rates, that is, the inside cools slower than the outer part and there is no seed crystal to grow the new material. This uneven cooling itself creates multiple crystals within the duck thus giving it the name of poly-crystalline or multi-crystalline. repayable to its multifaceted surface, this type of solar cell is a better performer even in wraithlike light conditions giving greater wattage even from a small surface area.Amorphous cells are made by depositing a thin piece of paper of silicon over a surface like steel. The panel we get is a single piece and individual cells a re not visible. These cells do not have a high efficiency and thus give a lesser investment for our investment.Apart from this solar cells can be divided into three generations, being 1st generation second generation 3rd generationFirst-generation cells are based on expensive silicon wafers and makeup 85% of the current commercial market. Second-generation cells are based on thin films compounds such as amorphous silicon, or copper inch selenide. The materials are relatively cheap, but research is needed to raise the efficiency of these cells if the cost of delivered power is to be reduced. Third-generation cells have shown a dramatic increase in efficiency that maintains the cost advantage of 2nd generation materials. Their design may make use of carrier multiplication, hot electron extraction, multiple junctions, sunlight concentration, or new materials.11First generation solar cellsThese are the dominant type of cells available in the commercial market. A crystalline silicon waf er is used for the production of these cells. They tend to have a large surface area and a single layer p-n junction diode. Being so widely used, these cells have their own advantages and disadvantages. On the pros side, these cells have a across-the-board spectral absorption rate and also have high carrier mobility. But these cells require expensive manufacturing technologies and also growing ingots is a very intensifier process. Another disadvantage we can usually observe in these cells is that it is relatively easy for an electron to encounter a hole and thus that leads to recombination instead of electricity production. Most of the energy from a high energy photon is usually lost as heat.12Second generation solar cellsSecond generation solar cells are mounted on glass substrates. The production costs that were plaguing first generation solar cells find some relief with the second generation. There are many companies who desire to release second-generation thin-film solar cells to the public. The material used in second generation solar cells are normally amorphous silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride (CadTel) and copper indium selenide/sulfide14.We see a potential for cost advantages in this generation over crystalline silicon because of various reasons. There is a lower material use along with a couple of(prenominal)er and simpler manufacturing steps. These cells also have the perfect band gap for solar energy conversion.1314Third generation solar cellsThe third generation cells are very different from the previously discussed cells. They do not rely on a p-n junction to separate photo-generated charge carriers but are based on a silicon substrate with a coating of nanocrystals. The third generation is the future of solar cells and the cheapest of them all. They are exactly what the sun-powered industry needs for renewable and efficient power sources. As solar cell technology go ons to grow, our solar conversion efficiency will contin ue to rise and production expenditure will continue to drop. The third generation solar cells focus on reducing manufacturing cost and enhancing the performance of 2nd generation solar cell technology. Nanotechnology is one area that is being researched upon by this new generation of cells. Nanotechnology is being used to improve the basic solar cell to have improved electrical performance which also makes it more cost efficient. 15,161.4 POLYMER SOLAR CELL AND ITS DEVELOPMENTOne of the unique 3rd generation solar cells we know today is the polymeric solar cell. usually populate of an electron- or hole-blocking layer on top of an indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass followed by electron presenter and an electron acceptor (in the case of bulk heterojunction solar cells), a hole or electron blocking layer, and metal electrode on top.During the last 30 years the polymer solar cell has developed from an inefficient light-harvesting device with almost no lifetime to a device that ma y be introduced to the commercial market within a short span of years. Today scientists are working with a lot of dierent types of polymer solar cells and since it will be too comprehensive to deal with all of them, only one type will be treated in this report. The type of solar cell which will be treated is a polymer/fullerene bulk hetero-junction solar cell This type of polymer solar cell consist of 6 layers Glass, ITO, PEDOTPSS, active layer, calcium and aluminum.The glass serves as a supporting layer for the solar cell and the only demand glass has to fulll is that it does not absorb light in the visible area, since the solar cell uses this light to generate power. Other and more exible types of supporting layers, like transparent polymers, can also be used. The focus of this report will not lie on the supporting layer and therefore the use of other types of supporting layers will not be discussed any further.18ITO (indium tin oxide) and aluminum serves as the electrodes in the solar cell. Beyond that, the ITO and Aluminium are also used to generate a underlying electric held caused by the difference in the metals work locks. This electric field is used dissociate the excitons, which are generated when the active layer absorbs light, and afterwards to pull the charge carriers out from the active layer. Like glass the ITO layer is transparent in the visible area.PEDOTPSS (poly3,4-(ethylenedioxy)-thiophenepoly(styrene sulfonate)) and calcium are two materials which are introduced into the solar cell in order to increase the built-in electric eld and thereby improve the performance of the solar cell. The active layer in this polymer solar cell consists of a blend between the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV ((poly2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)- 1,4-phenylenevinylene)) and the modied fullerene PCBM (1-(3-Methoxycarbonylpropyl)-1-phenyl-6.6C61). MEH-PPV is the absorbing part of the active layer and PCBM is introduced into the layer to make the disassociation of the excitons more eective.In bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, light generates excitons with subsequent insularity of charges in the interface between an electron donor and acceptor blend within the devices active layer. These charges then transport to the devices electrodes where these charges flow outside the cell, perform work and then re-enter the device on the opposite side. The cells efficiency is limited by several factors especially non-geminate recombination. Hole mobility leads to rapid conduction across the active layer.2930By simply blending polymers (electron donors) with fullerene (electron acceptor) in organic upshots, a self assembling interpenetrating network can be obtained utilize various coating technologies ranging from laboratory-scale spin coating or spray coating to large-scale fabrication technologies such as inkjet printing20,21, doctor blading 17 , gravure23 , slot-die coating24 and exographic printing25 .In the last few years, several effective met hods have been developed to optimize the interpenetrating network formed by the electron donor and acceptor, including solving annealing (or slow-growth) 25 , thermal annealing 26-28 and syllable structure temper using mixed solvent mixtures 29 or additives 30 in the solutions of donor/acceptor blends. Poly (3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) in particular has been subject to increasing interest in the polymer research community, but signi flip progress has also been made in developing new active-layer polymer materials 19,30-37 . Since around 2008, the efficiency of PSCs has risen to 6% using new conjugated polymers as electron donors 34.Although progress has been impressive, there is still much to do before the realization of practical applications of PSCs. Many factors need to be borrown into account in efficiently converting sunlight into electricity.Figure 2 Shows the energy levels in a polymer solar cell. ITO(indium tin oxide) is used as the high work function electrode and Al is use d as the low work function electrode. (a) displays the energy levels before the polymer solar cell is assembled. (b and c) shows the energy levels after assembling. In (b) the polymer is an isolator and therefore the electric field changes linearly through the cell. The polymer used in (c) is a hole conducting polymer and therefore a Schottky junction will be formed between the polymer and the low work function electrode.The absorption range, the photon-electron conversion rate and the carrier mobilities of the light-harvesting polymers are among the crucial parameters for achieving high-efficiency solar cells. Furthermore, fabricating large area devices without signicantly losing efficiency while maintaining long lifetime of the device cadaver challenging.38 39Therefore, a major challenge lies in fabricating polymer solar cells, in which free-charge-carrier generation is a critical step. Fortunately, it has been found that efficient charge transfer can take place between materials , that is, donor and acceptor molecules, with suitable energy level offsets. The strong electric field at the molecular interface of two materials with different electrochemical potentials is up to(p) of separating the excitons into weakly bounded Coulombic pairs, and thereafter separated charge carriers. In cases where the donor and acceptor molecules form an intimate contact in blend films, efficient charge transfer takes place with an efficiency approaching 100%.The short exciton diffusion length which is much smaller than the necessary film thickness for effective visual absorption, has limited the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and hampers the efficient utilization of the photogenerated excitons in organic photovoltaics.A major breakthrough was achieved with the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) concept, where the nanoscale phase separation creates donor/acceptor interfaces for exciton dissociation via efficient charge transfer from donor to acceptor throughout the film. The conce pts of donor/acceptor and BHJs, thus, establish the cornerstones of polymer solar cells.Diagram of a polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction.The bulk-heterojunction concept. After absorption of light by the photoactive material, charge transfer can easily occur due to the nano-scopic mixing of the donor and acceptor (solid and dashed area). Subsequently, the photo generated charges are transported and collected at the electrodes. Here highest meshed molecular orbital is abbreviated as HOMO and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital as LUMO.Despite the high attainable EQE, overall power conversion efficiencies (PCE) reported are still low, due to the inferior charge-transport properties and limited spectral absorption range of the polymer active layer. On one hand, endeavors in implication and development of unexampled low-band-gap polymers are being carried out to harvest the major part of the solar spectrum. 40-46On the other hand, film-growth dynamics of polymer blends via solut ion processes has become one of the central topics to derive maximal efficiency from bulk-heterojunction structures. Meanwhile, precise efficiency measurements provide solutions to the spectral mismatch between the solar spectrum and polymer absorption, offering accurate evaluation of novel photoactive materials.High internal quantum efficiencies can be expected, provided that efficient donor-to-acceptor charge transfer and transport in the bulk heterojunctions occurs. A suitable energy-level alignment between the donor and acceptor to provide the driving force morphology plays a decisive role linking the optoelectronic properties and device performance to the fabrication processes. In addition to experimental results, simulation techniques have also been utilize to predict the optimal morphology, yielding results that are consistent with the experimental conclusion that a nanoscale phase separation with a bi-continuous pathway toward the electrode is desired. assemblage parameter s such as solvent selection and annealing treatment are the most critical factors in film morphology.However, additive incorporation also showed crucial benefits toward improving device performance. The overall effects of morphology manipulation assist in forming an interpenetrating network of donor and acceptor molecules, facilitating both charge transfer and carrier transport. squint-eyed phase separation has been observed and well-understood in several systems. Beyond that, the ingredient distribution of the donor and acceptor molecules along the cross-section of blend films, that is, vertical phase separation has been observed recently in the nanoscale film morphology, which intuitively governs the charge transport and collection. Thus, an ideal morphology consists of phase separation laterally and vertically, which should both be optimized for lusty device performance.47,50-52A variety of post-treatment methods can alter the optoelectronic properties of the polymer-blend fil ms. Annealing processes in polymer solar cells can be divided into two categories thermal annealing 53,57,58 and solvent annealing.48,59-61 Both techniques concentrate on improving the nano scale lateral phase separation of both the crystalline P3HT aggregates and PCBM domains. Thermal annealing can be applied either on the final device (post-annealing) or on the polymer film only (pre-annealing). The annealing temperature and time are the two most critical parameters in this approach. However, the selection of solvent as well as metal electrodes could also affect the ultimate device performance.Solution processing has many advantages over other film fabrication technologies, which usually require complicated instruments as well as costly and time-consuming procedures. Therefore, solution processing has developed into the most elevate methodology for fabricating organic optoelectronic devices. Solution processing also allows the freedom to control phase separation and molecular sel f-organization during solvent evaporation and/or film treatment. The solvent establishes the film evolution environment, and thus has foreseeable impact on the final film morphology. Selection and combination of solvents have been shown to be critical for the morphology in polymer-blend films, and are well-documented in the literature. 48,49. Spin-coating from single-solvent solutions results in thin films, which possess optoelectronic properties determined by the solution parameters and the spin-coating process, for example concentration, blending ratio, spin speed and time, etc. Meanwhile, solvent properties, such as boiling point, vapor pressure, solubility, and polarity, also have considerable impact on the final film morphology. 62-751.5 live function of solar cells1.5.1 Work function of materialThe work function is the minimum energy needed to move an electron from the Fermi energy level, EF, to vacuum energy, Evac.The work function varies by using different materials and als o by doping. It is lower for n-type semiconductor than for p-type because Fermi levels within the band gap of a semiconductor depends upon doping. Where are work functions of the n-type and p-type materials respectively.Junctions having different work functions give way to an electrostatic field.1.5.2 Metal-semiconductor junctionMetal-semiconductor junction is the simplest type of charge separating junction.If we have an n-type semiconductor of work function metal of work function, such that, it is called a Schottky barrier.When metal and semiconductor are separate from each other, the Fermi levels will look like in fig. 5(a). But when they are in contact (electronic), these levels will line up. The exchange of charge carriers across the junction results in this, with the consequence that the layers approach the equilibrium (thermal). The energy at the conduction band butt on at the interface between semiconductor and metal is higher than in the bulk of the semiconductor. The elect rostatic potential energy is shown in fig. 5(b) by the change in Evac.The space charge region or depletion region is the region where there is a net charge.As Evac changes, so must the conduction and valence band energies, and that too by the same amount (proportionality). This happens because the electron affinity and band gap are invariant in the semiconductor, and is called band bending.761.5.3 p-n heterojunctionA heterojunction consists of two different materials with different band gaps and these can also be either p-n or p-i-n junctions. Devices based on heterojunctions can improve carrier collection and thus efficiency. Due to change in the band gap, a discontinuity exists in the conduction and valence band at the junction.The potential step will affect the effective field for the two carrier types in different ways. Usually, one carrier type is assisted by the field change, while the other is opposed. In fig. 6(b), the field that drives electrons to the n side is increased, while the field driving holes towards the p side is decreased. 76We know that the standard form of an organic photovoltaic cell is based upon sandwiching a thin semiconducting organic layer(s) between two conducting layers having different work functions here we have higher work function conductors typically made of gold or ITO and lower work function conductors typically made of aluminum or calcium.We have already discussed in section 1.2 how the efficiency of solar cell can be improved, here we will consider mathematical expression of efficiency. Efficiency is defined as measures the amount of energy converted to electric current relative to the total energy incident upon the cell, it is designated with Greek letter , . The formula for calculating efficiency is = Jsc X Voc X FF,where Jsc is the short-circuit current (when there is maximum current flowing and no voltage difference across the circuit),Voc is the open-circuit voltage (when there is no current flowing), and FF is the fill-factor (the actual power relative to the theoretical power produced by the cell).To increase the efficiency of Polymer Solar cells, we need to improve these 3 factors. Jsc is primarily affected by band-gap, carrier mobility, and film formation properties of the active layer. Voc is primarily affected by the material band-gap and the device structure. FF, is particularly difficult to predict and design, but seems related to the relative motilities of the electrons and holes.77-801.6 Inverted Polymer Solar CellsThe regular device structure for polymer solar cells is indium tin oxide (ITO), where a p-type layer is used for anode contact, and a low-work-function metal as the cathode. Both the p-type layer and the low-work-function metal cathode are known to degrade the device lifetime. 106-108 The p-type layer is potentially detrimental to the polymer active layer due to its acidic nature, which etches the ITO and causes interface instability through indium diffusion into the polym er active layer.Low work- function metals, such as calcium and lithium, are easily oxidized, increasing the series resistance at the metal/BHJ interface and degrading device performance. In principle, ITO is capable of collecting either holes or electrons, since its work function (4.5 to 4.7 eV) lies between the typical highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) value of common organic photovoltaic materials. The polarity of the ITO electrode depends mainly on the contact

Importance Of Palliative Care Nursing Essay

Importance Of Palliative Care treat EssayPalliative care alters quality of life of patient and families who face life saturnine disease, by provide irritation and symptom relief, spiritual, psychosocial support to diagnosis to end of life, In most of world, majority of pubic louse patient are in advances stages of stinkpotcer when first seen by medical professional. For them, only factual treatment option is pain relief and palliative care. Effective approaches to palliative care are ready(prenominal) to improve quality of life for cancer patient. Cancer pain release is diffusion of the world health organization global communication program for improve cancer pain control and palliative and supportive care (World Health Organization, 2011). Lung cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell gain in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung can cers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells. Lung cancer, the most common designer of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, as of 2004.The most common symptoms are shortness of breath (WIKIPEDIA,2011).Which nursing problem does lennart get?Pain and Irritation upon draining of furnishs.Nausea and diarrhea.Loss of energy.Loss of appetite.E howling(a) blood pressureHow would you prioritize his problem?DiarrheaPain and irritation upon draining thermionic vacuum tubeLoss of appetiteNauseaLoss of energyEelevated blood pressureNURSING CARE PLANAssessmentObjective data he has an elevated blood pressure and diabetes.Subjective data diarrhea. Nausea, pain.Take medical history. Patient complained of abdominal pain, bowel movement cramping. Increased frequency of stool, increased frequency of bowel sounds loose, liquid stools, diarrhea. Assess onset and patterns of diarrhea Assess and identify individual stress f actors and coping behaviors. Assist thorough diagnosis including neuro system of logic and psycho logic Assess patients attitude toward pain..Discuss with patient, family and other medical team the treatment and medicalDiagnosis diarrhea, pain, nausea related to lung cancer.InterventionObserve and record frequency, characteristic, amount, time of day, and effectuate factors related to occurrence of diarrheaObserve pain associated with episodesObserve nausea and vomiting.Every day make blood test for diabetes and channel medication and give diabetes food. Give treatment to hypertension and cheek blood pressure and give low salt food advice patient make exercises every day.Auscultate abdomen for presence, location, and characteristic of bowel sounds observe for associated factors such as fever / chills, abdominal pain / cramping . rig diet and nutritional status. Review drug intake. Determine recent characterization to different / foreign environment, change in drinking water, foo d intake and illness of other. Note concurrent illnesses, treatment, food and drug allergic, lactose intravenous and therapy placement effects. Eliminate relaxation techniques to come down stress / misgiving. Provide for changes in dietary intake to avoid diarrhea. Limit caffeine and high fiber foods, avoid take out and dairy products. Recommended change in drug therapy as appropriate (eg. Antacid) Assess baseline hydration, note postural hypotension, tachycardia, skin cracks, and condition of mucous membranes. Review laboratory work. Administer drugs as indicated to decrease gastrointestinal motility and minimize fluid losses. Administer IVF as indicated. Maintain skin integrity (ointment skin as needed) .Promote returns to design bowel functioningIncrease oral fluid intake and return to normal diet with assist from his family members. Give medication as ordered, for example to decrease motility and to absorb water and explain that to the patient and to his family. Patient ma intains normal bowel function with good hydration. Understanding of causative factors and rationale for treatment fodder .Demonstrates appropriate behavior to assist with resolution of causative factors like proper food preparation or avoidance of irritating. Verbalization of pain upon draining of tube Distraction behavior (moaning, crying, pacing, seeking out other people or activities, restlessness .Autonomic responses like diaphoresis , blood pressure and pulse changes . Papillary dilation increased or decreased respiratory rate. Pain, Alleviate patient from pain, Provide comfort while draining of tube Explain procedure to the patient and family and when it cause to be perceived to reduce concern of the unknown .Nursing priority assess etiology / precipitating and contributory factor.Determine possible pathophiysiologic / psycho logic causes of pain eg( inflammation , thrombosis ,grief ,fear and anxiety )Nursing priority evaluate patients response to pain.Observe patients walk , how patient holds body, sits ,facial expression ,cool finger tips / toes , which can mean constricted useless .Determine pain characteristics dull, throbbing, constant , sharp ,intermittent Assess for referred pain. Monitor vital signs as usually it increase in acute pain, Review patients previous experience with pain.Nursing priority assist patient to explore methods for alleviation and control of pain Instruct patient to report pain as soon as it begins ,encourage verbalisation of feelings about the pain ,provide quiet environment , calm , activities . provide comfort measures ( eg. Back rub , change of position , use of heat or nippy if indicated ) and encourage his family to do it .encourage relaxation exercise with the use of individualized tapes ( eg. Music and instructional ) .encourage to use diversirnal activities ( eg, TV ,radio and socialization ) ,assist in treatment of the cause of pain and evaluate effectiveness .encourage rest to prevent fatigue ,identify ways of a voiding or minimizing pain ,review ways to lessen pain ,discuss with significant others ways in which they can assist patient and can reduce precipitating factors that may cause or increase pain .EvaluationPatient reports that he is relieved from pain.He follows prescribed pharmacologic regimen.Verbalizes methods that provide relief .Demonstrate use of relaxation skills and dimensional activities.ConclusionCancer patient has severe pain the nurse should be observer this pain and give medicine and attention to case of spiritual psychical through palliative care.Cancer patient need to support from teamwork and family is the citation of light and hope of the patient, I think support depend on family. Teamwork is foundation palliative care and everywhere cooperative teamwork will outcome survive high for palliative care. Communication is contact the most powerful factor in palliative care causes it is a point of communication amid teamwork and family and between patient, teamwork, go od communication is the secret success palliative care.

Galactosemia Disorder: Causes, Forms and Treatments

brain sugarmia Disorder Causes, Forms and TreatmentsAbstractCarbohydrates argon vital for power in all surviving organism and besides in the biosynthesis of essential glycoconjugates. One of these lucres is a monosaccharide called brain sugar which is broken- take in in humans by the Leloir pathway of the galactose metabolism.1 Within this pathway, there are tierce main enzymes that is responsible for modifying galactose in order to convert it into glycolysis for the production of energy galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosohate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-6-phosphate epimerase (GALE). A deficiency in whatsoever of these enzymes results in a affection in the human called galactosemia. The second enzyme of this pathway, GALT which produces uridine diphosphogalactose (UPD-gal) from galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P), a deficiency in this is the more or slight severe of the three galactosemia disorders. GALK1 is sublime and the symptoms are oft milder than tha t of GALT with the rarest of the disorder being GALE. Galactosemia is established shortly later an infant starts feeding and even though a strict galactose-free dieting is introduced promptly eliminating any acute symptoms, the long-term complications unfortunately has already taken place. While early detection can lead to relatively normal life, this inherited disorder is uneffective to break down simple sugar called galactose and with excessive buildup causes liver, brain, and eye return.IntroductionAll living organism make use of carbohydrates or sugars for the makeup of cellular energy along with the synthesis of essential cellular glycoconjugates. In humans, we non only consume carbohydrates but were also able to compound altered carbohydrate monomers by means of reversible metabolic pathways. Galactose is typically in many of our dairy products that we consume as a carbohydrate monomer which is authority of the disaccharide lactose. The human body is able to break down galactose using the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. This pathway consists of three enzymes, each structuring a diametrical metabolic intermediate functioning together to accomplish one objective and that is to modify galactose into glucose in order to release it into glycolysis for the production of energy. The three enzymes are, Galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosohate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE). An absence or mutations in any of these enzymes results in a disorder in the human called galactosemia. The second enzyme of this pathway, GALT which produces uridine diphosphogalactose (UPD-gal) from galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P), a deficiency in this enzyme is the most severe of the three galactosemia disorders. GALK1 is rare and the symptoms are much milder than that of GALT causing cataracts of the eye with the rarest of the disorder being GALE with acute symptoms as in GALT. UDP-gal in the Leloirs pathway plays crucial part i n synthesizing several essential glycoconjugates along with ultimately being utilize for energy production. GALT deficiency in humans results in a disorder called galactosemia, a potentially fatal disorder if left un hard-boiled immediately after birth.Galactose Metabolism (Leloir Pathway)Figure 1. Galactose Metabolism (Leloir Pathway) in the Liver.The galactose metabolic pathway, also cognise as Leloir pathway named after Luis Federico Leloir who revealed the principal mechanisms of galactose metabolism and defining the cause of galactosemia.2 This is the only mechanism of galactose metabolism in humans which contains three enzymes, galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE) which are responsible for their respective role in the Leloir pathway.3Upon entrance of the cell, galactose is first phosphorylated by GALK to yield galactose-1-phosphate, which is one of the two substrates of GALT. From here, GALT modifi es it that to one uridine diphosphogalactose and one glucose-1-phosphate from one uridine diphosphoglucose and one galactose-1-phosphate. The expected product of GALT, UDP-gal, is the substance of GALE. As GALE epimerizes UDP-gal to produce UDP-glu, which is modified furthermore to enter glycolysis or be used as UDP-glu to synthesize necessary glycoconjugates in the cell.4 5 Further modification of UDP-glu consist of the loss of uridine monophosphate in order to produce glucose-1-phosphate. The mutase enzyme then yields glucose-6-phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate that moves into glycolysis to increase energy in the form of ATP.6 Since galactose is an essential component of many glycoconjugates, rough UDP-gal is used for the synthesis of these sugar moieties which highlights the significance of GALT in the metabolism and cellular consumption of galactose.7GalactosemiaGalactosemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error in the metabolism which affects how the body breakdown the s ugar galactose with a rate of ab unwrap 1 in 62,000 individuals.8 As a result, those individuals with galactosemia has difficulty digesting this simple sugar that are often found in many foods which is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose. Lactose produces one molecule each of the simple sugar glucose and galactose which is nearly found in all dairy products and baby formulas.9 The disorder is typically diagnosed soon after birth, as infants are each breast-fed or formula-fed. However these newborn starts to express characteristic complications that tend to develop after the consumption of milk over a short period of time like nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and lethargy.10 The accumulation of galactose is toxic to the body if not digested by the seize enzyme quickly causes serious health complications to the newborn. Treatments currently involves management of galactose-free diet, although some drug tests in the disorder process consent been proposed.Laboratory tests are procurable to bear of the disease by measuring the enzyme activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase or GALT which is the second step in the pathway of galactose metabolism.11 There are 3 forms of this disorder galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), galactose kinase (GALK1), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE) with each form having a relative differences in severity. Those individuals who expresses any of these disorders go forth have elevated levels of galactose in their blood along with high levels of galactose in the urine. For this reason, hospitals now carry out galactose tolerance tests which are now considered essential for the identification of the disease.Once confirmation of this disorder has been done, the newborn is treated using a dietary galactose breastwork by replacing breast or milk base-formula with soy base-formula. Although most of the prominent features of this disease will improve such as nausea, diarrhea, cataracts, or enlarged liver and spleen will in stages regress once placed on the dietary restriction there is one chief symptom which does not show much improvement which is mental retardation due to the damage of the central nervous system.12 Its for this reason, that early diagnosis and prompt therapy are crucial.Cause of DisorderGalactosemia means galactose in the blood, since these individuals are not able to break down galactose to produce energy, this sugar therefore builds up in their blood resulting in high levels of galactose-1-phosphate in the tissues. The pathway for galactose is more complex than most other simple sugars with three enzymes that are essential to convert a molecule of galactose into glucose-6-phosphate. Therefore, any type of genetic mutations in any part of the galactose pathway will cause severe life altering changes effecting organs and intellectual capacity if not treated right away.We can larn from Fig. 1 that there are multiple steps in the breakdown of galactose into g lucose-1-phosphate and be able to enter into glycolysis where it is broken down into glucose our main energy source. The GALK1 is the first enzyme in the galactose pathway and from this figure we can clearly see how by a mutation in GALK1 could cause so much chaos in the breakdown of galactose. The ability for our bodies to breakdown galactose into glucose plays a crucial for life. As a result, individuals with galactosemia, the GALT enzyme is either missing or not on the job(p) properly and therefore unable to digest galactose into glucose causing large buildups in the blood. Overtime, this buildup if remain untreated will develop into fatality and although certain damages are able to regress a few of the many will not be irreversible.Forms of DisorderThere are several forms of galactosemia which are caused by mutations of a specific gene affecting different enzymes that are involved in the process of breaking down galactose. The classic galactosemia or galactose-1-phosphate uridy l transferase (GALT) is also know as galactosemia type I, is the most common and severe form of this disorder. Classical galactosemia affects 1 out of 60,000 newborns.In the classic galactosemia, infants are born without the GALT enzyme and are either fed breast-milk or milk-base formulas. In newborns nearly 90% of their carbohydrates comes from lactose, human breast milk comprises of nearly 6% to 8% lactose and most infant formulas comprises of 7% lactose.13 Therefore all these milk-based products are immediately substituted with lactose free formulas such as soy-based formulas to lessen any further damage to the newborn. Fortunately, most cases of classic galactosemia are detected early enough by newborn screens and a galactose-free diet is quickly put in place.Within galactosemia type I, there is a rare type of galactosemia called Duarte variant, it is often but not always detected during newborn coating since this is a milder form requiring less preaching or in most cases, no intercession but an erythrocyte GALT enzyme activity test may be performed to confirm this variant form of the disease.Galactokinase deficiency (GALK1) is also known as galactosemia type II which is rare genetic causing cataract damage due to a lack of galactokinase.14 Galactosemia type II affects fewer than 1 out of 100,000 newborns. GALK1, is responsible for one step in the galactose metabolic pathway that converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate which is then converted to glucose. A mutation in this gene results in galactose and an associated sugar called galactitol to buildup in the cells that constructs the lens of the eye.15 With high level of these accumulations in the blood will damage the lens which will cause cataract and lead to fogged vision a characteristic in galactosemia type II.Galactose-4-phosphate epimerase deficiency (GALE) is also known as galactosemia type III and the rarest of the three forms of galactosemia. Those who have this may have mild to severe s ymptoms which may include cataracts, delayed growth and development, along with liver disease, and liver problems. There has not been many reported with the GALE mutations as this is the fewest(prenominal) of the galactosemia disorders.GALE, is an enzyme that instructs the production of an enzyme called UPD-galactose-4-epimerase and responsible for converting UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose. Since GALE is the rarest of the disorder, those affected with galactosemia type III may or may not have any of the complications characteristically related to galactosemia and often do not require treatment. In general, those who have this disorder whose had high level of these enzymes in the blood will still lead to complications such as shamed tissues or organs, cataract, to intellectual disabilities and damages to the liver, kidneys and brain.16Newborn ScreeningWith the high rate of associated with untreated individuals, newborn screening for galactosemia and other inherited genetic disorders a re available in all of the 50 states and provinces of the United States. To screen for galactosemia, infant blood and urine samples are screened for the presence of GALT and any galactose metabolites.17 The samples are first well-tried for the concentration of galactose and GALT activity, and if galactose levels are high and/or GALT activity is low, then the samples are then assayed for galactose-1-phosphate and further tested of the more common desoxyribonucleic acid mutations associated with galactosemia.18 . GALT enzyme presence of less than 32 mol/L (normal 150-500 mol/L) is usually indicative of GALT-deficient galactosemia.19Newborn screening is essential in early detection and treatment of galactosemia patients efficiently. It is vital to their physical and mental health to avoid as much damage to the individual as possible. Studies has shown that approximately 80% of children given newborn screening for galactosemia were diagnosed within 2 weeks of age, compared to approxima tely 35% of whom were not screened. From those whom were screened 20% were free of GALT deficiency symptoms at the time of diagnosis.20Although nutritional therapy is frequently used which gradually improves the symptoms in patients with galactosemia disorders by introducing these individuals to a galactose-free diet.21 In most cases, as long as the disease has not advanced too much, most of all acute symptoms gradually regress and often times completely disappear with dietary restriction alone. Many newborns will show rapid weight gain along with no more nauseating or vomiting. The organs like the liver and spleen that would be enlarged due to excess galactose in the body also returns to normal size along with cataracts, if present, will start to regress and most of the time will disappear completely.22 Unfortunately, there is one significant symptom that shows no signs of improvement mental retardation or intellectual disability like speech defects and other neurological or physi ological abnormalities.23 Since newborn screening is not performed until at least 24 hours after an infant has begun feeding, galactosemia infants will consume galactose before being diagnosis. A more efficient and timely screening methods are necessary to decrease the cases of infants who are already exhibiting disease symptoms at the time of diagnosis.DietThe most common and most effective form of treatment so far for galactosemia is dietary restriction of galactose consumption. By having galactosemia patient avoid lactose or ingesting food containing galactose they are able to belittle any further damage to their body. For infants, its particularly imperative as lactose is present in all milk-base products and studies has now shown that there are some free-galactose in some fruits and vegetables. A study by Gross and Acosta in 1991 indicated monomeric galactose contents in approximately 45 different fruits and vegetables. For example, artichoke, mushrooms, olives, and peanuts al l contained less than 0.1 mg of free galactose per 100 mg of plant tissue. In persimmon and tomato contained approximately 34.5 mg of free galactose per 100 g of plant tissue. Fruits and vegetables like dates, papaya, bell pepper, and watermelon were found to have upwards of 10 mg of free galactose per 100 g of plant tissues.24 closedownAlthough uncommon due to the effective newborn screening, undiagnosed galactosemia can lead to liver cirrhosis, mental retardation, and even death. 25 Girls with galactosemia have been found in later old age to have higher rates of ovarian failure even with dietary intake. Its important to understand that with acute symptoms at birth can managed with diet but the long-term affect involving impaired sexual and mental function are still prevalent among galactosemia individuals.ReferencesAntshel, K. M., Epstein, I. O., Waisbren, S. E. (2004). Cognitive strengths and weaknesses in children and adolescents homozygous for the galactosemia Q188R mutation a descriptive study. Neuropsychology, 18(4), 658-664.Hardin, J., Bertoni, G., Kleinsmith, L.J., (2012) Beckers World of the Cell, 8th Ed, International Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Glenview. pp. 242Isselbacher, K.J. (1957), clinical and biochemical Observations in Galactosemia. The American journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 5, none 5, pp. 527-532.Grossiord, B. P., Luesink, E. J., Vaughan, E. E., Arnaud, A., de Vos, W. M. (2003).Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Leloir Pathway. Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. 185, No. 3, pp. 870-878.Kalckar, H. M., Kurahashi, K., Jordan, E. (1959). Hereditary Defects in GalactoseMetabolism in Escherichia Coli Mutants, I. Determination of Enzyme Activities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 1776-1786.Asada, M., Okano, Y., Imamura, T., Suyama, I., Hase, Y., Isshiki, G., (1999). Molecular characterization of galactokinase deficiency in Japanese patients. Journal of Human Genetics. Vol. 44 377-382.Lai, K., Langley, S. D., Khwaja, F. W., Schmitt, E. W., Elsas, L. J. (2003). GALT Deficiency Causes UDP-Hexose Deficit in Human Galactosemic Cells. Glycobiology. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 285-294.Berry, G.T., Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia. 2000 Feb 4 Updated 2014 Apr 3. Gene review articles Internet. Seattle (WA) University of Washington, Seattle 1993-2014.http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1518/Ai, Y., Zheng, Z., OBrien-Jenkins, A., Bernard, D.J., Wynshaw-Boris, T., Ning, C., Reynolds, R., Segal, S., Huang, K., and Dwight Stambolian. (2000), A Mouse Model of Galactose-Induced Cataracts. Human Molecular Genetics. Vol. 9, No. 12, pp. 1821-1827.Fridovich-Keil, J.,Bean, L., He, M., andRichard Schroer., Epimerase Deficiency Galactosemia. 2011 Jan 25 Updated 2013 Oct 24. GeneReviews Internet. Seattle (WA) University of Washington, Seattle 1993-2014.http//www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK51671/Freer, D. E., Ficicioglu, C., Finegold, D. (2010). Newborn Screening for Galactosemia A Review of 5 Years of Data and Audit of a Revised Reporting Approach. Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 437-444.Waggoner, D. D., Buist, N. R., Donnell, G. N. (1990). long-term Prognosis in Galactosaemia Results of a Survey of 350 Cases. Journal of Inherited Metabolism Disorder., Vol. 13, No. 6, pp.802-818.Gross, K. C., Acosta, P. B. (1991). Fruits and Vegetables are a Source of Galactose Implications in formulation the Diets of Patients with Galactosemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolism Disorder, Vol. 14, No.2 253-258. 1 1 Kurt J. Isselbacher, Clinical and Biochemical Observations in Galactosemia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5 (September-October 1957) 527-532.2 Benoit P. Groissard et al., Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Lenoir Pathway. Journal of Bacteriology 185 (February 2003) 870-878.3 Herman M. Kalckar et al., Hereditary Defects in Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia Coli Mutants, I. Determination of Enzyme Activities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 45 (December 1959) 1776-1786.4 Groissard, 870-878.5 Kalckar, 1776-1786.6 Groissard, 870-8787 K. Lai et al., GALT Deficiency Causes UDP-hexose Deficit in Human Galactosemic Cells. Glycobiology 13 (January 2003) 285-294.8 Boris B.T. Wang et al., Molecular and Biochemical background of Galactosemia. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 63 (1998) 263-269.9 Jeff Hardin et al., Beckers World of the Cell (Glenview Pearson Education Inc., 2012), 242002E10 Isselbacher, 527.11 Wang, 263.12 Isselbacher, 528.13 Gerard T. Berry, MD., Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia. GeneReviews Internet NCBI Bookshelf (1993-2014).14 Minoru Asada et al., Molecular Characterization of Galactokinase Deficiency in Japanese Patients. Journal of Human Geneti cs 44 (1999) 377-382.15 Yunjun Ai et al., A Mouse Model of Galactose-Induced Cataracts. Human Molecular Genetics 9 (2000) 1821-1827.16 Judith Fridovich-Keil, PhD et al., Epimerase Deficiency Galactosemia. GeneReviews NCBI Bookshelf (2011-2013).17 Dennis E. Freer, groundwork Ficicioglu, and David Finegold., Newborn Screening for Galactosemia A Review of 5 Years of Data and Audit of A Revised Reporting Approach. Clinical Chemistry 56 (March 2010) 437-444.18 Freer et al., 437-444.19 Freer et al., 437-444.20 D.D. Waggoner, N.R M. Buist, and G.N. Donnell., Long-term Prognosis in Galactosemia Results of A Survey of 350 Cases Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseaase 13 (November 1990) 802-818.21 Isselbacher, 528.22 Isselbacher, 528.23 Wang, 263.24 K.C. Gross and P.B. Acosta., Fruits and Vegetables Are A Source of Galactose Implications in Planning the Diets of Patients with Galactosemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 14 (1991) 253-258.25 Kevin M. Antshel et al., Cognitive Strengt hs and Weaknesses in Children and Adolescents Homozygous for the Galactosemia Q188R Mutation A Descriptive Study. Neuropsychology 18 (October 2004) 658-664.

The Industrial Heartland :: essays research papers

The Industrial HeartlandThere are basically seven factors that must be met before an manufacturecan start to take place in a particular area. Those seven factors are rawmaterials, transportation, energy, markets, labour, capital, and government.The Industrial Heartland is almost like one life-sized industry, connected in a vastmegalopolis. Ill be taking a closer look at these factors and the way thisarea meets the locational factors.The Industrial Heartland is an area that includes Quebec, Ontario,Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, revolutionaryYork, Maryland, Washington DC, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Delaware, NewJersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.Raw Materials(ex. iron ore, coal, limestone etc.) is an unprocessedmaterial used as the base for primary industry. The Industrial Heartland hasmany varied mining sites throughout it. (ex-the nickel mine in Ontario,mines in Pittsburgh, Gary, Baltimore, Hamilton , Sault Ste. Marie....etc.)Transportation is extremely important in this area. Most mines andmills are located by waterways to make transportation readily available for itstransports. Coal, limestone, and many other kinds of mines use the GreatLakes to transport, which happens to be in the middle of the IndustrialHeartland. They usually have rafts of material to move so water transportationcan carry lots of material, its cheap, but its also slow. Another importantroute in this sphere is the St. Lawrence Seaway, which was an significantfactor in the decision of industries to locate in this region. Other mainwaterways in this region are Ohio River, Mississippi River, New York State cannonball along Canal System, New York Harbour, Philadelphia Harbour, and BaltimoreHarbour.There is also Railway to consider for transportation. They can almostgo anywhere in this region, but they are more costly than Waterway transport,and not as adaptable as trucks.Truck hauling is considered the best for most of the transport. Thoughthe cost of fuel has increased over the years, trucks are still the maincarrier of cargo.Energy, is one of the most, if not the most important factor forindustries. Every industry needs power, energy. Some sources of energy areHydroelectricity, thermic electric, natural gas, and coal.Hydroelectricity is a good choice for energy for home requirements, butfor industry, they need tremendous amounts of energy. To meet therequirements of an industries power, the industry would have to locate near thehydroelectric plant, and there is just simply not enough hydroelectric sites.Thermal electricity is a commonly used power source for industry. Itsconvenient for the industry.Markets match to trade, selling of goods to consumers. The IndustrialHeartland offers many places for markets, as it has a large population,

Anatomy of Criticism Essay -- Anatomy of Criticism Essays

Anatomy of Criticism Introduction In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye offers a complex possibility that aspires to describe a unifying system for literary criticism. It can be argued, however, that in attempting to delineate such an all-inclusive structure, Fryes system eliminates identity in lit. The express essay takes up this argument and offers examples of how identity is precluded by Fryes system as outlined in Anatomy of Criticism. Structure Vs. Identity In Fryes system, the organizing principles that give literature coherence and structure are derived from the myths of ancient Greece and the archetypal imagery found in the Bible. In his Third Essay, Frye suggests that all literature is based on displacements of these myths. In postulating this, however, Frye denies the individual identity of a work of literature it becomes merely another abstraction of an axial symbol, an embellished copy of an archetypal myth. This tenet essentially annexes the identity of the auth or as well, for every work of literature is seen by Frye as being based on or derived from all other works. The originality of a writers ideas is denied, and the authors identity is thence negated. There is no such thing as an original literary identity in Fryes system. For Frye, literature moldiness lead back to the Garden, to mythical symbolism if a literary work does not displace an archetype, then it is not considered to be literature. Although it seems that Frye is able to find axial imagery in almost any work, we must ask what his theory of myths excludes. If we look at the works cited in the Anatomy, we see that Frye concentrates much of his discussion on the classics of Western literature (Shakespeare, Chaucer, Milton, T.S. ... ...y in this quote by removing the individual from the question the immediacy of Who am I? is replaced with the more disinterested and impersonal Where is Here? But the questioning of identity is central to the Canadian imagination, and is perhaps an axiom of our identity. In decontextualizing and desocializing literature, Frye denies the Canadian literary identity. Conclusion Northrop Fryes theory of literary criticism attempts to include all literature in a structure that totalizes. In doing so, however, identity is excluded the identity of the writer, the reader, and individual works ofliterature is denied in denying these identities, Frye perhaps precludes the identity of literature itself. List of References Used Frye, Northrop (19 ). The Bush Garden. Works CitedFrye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism quartet Essays. Princeton Princeton UP, 1957.

They Died With Their Boots On :: essays papers

They Died With Their Boots OnProduced in 1943, They Died With Their Boots On, a Warner Brothers film, is a horribly inaccurate account of the events that lead to the booking of Little Big Horn. His early days in war were depicted accurately, however. Boots told of his experiences at West Pointe the most important experience is, notably, his graduation. He received the compulsive worst scores ever recorded at West Pointe upon his commencement. After that point, it all goes down hill. Custer was also a womanizer, but in this film he was quite a gentlemen, being sure to get Elizabeth Bacons fathers permission for everything the two did together. Custer was displayed as a very sympathetic and warm-hearted general, turn he was, in actuality, not such. Custer was known to be rather a large egoist and somewhat of a rude man. Then, for dramatic effect, filmmakers sham a conspiracy that Custers enemies concocted to remove him from opposition. His opponents, executives of a large company which he refused a position in, lied about gold in the dense Hills in order to trick thousands of Americans into violating a peace treaty with the Sioux. The truth there really WAS gold in the Black Hills. Negro slaves were depicted as goofy and silly, added only for comic effect. One chick in particular danced about singing a rhyme, Rabbits foot, work your charm, protect that ladys man from harm after reading the tea leaves for a friend. The Sioux Indians were also depicted rather inaccurately. They all wore a single feather in the backs of their heads and yipped and hollered just as Indians would do. They screamed and beat their hands on their mouths, all the while speaking English in the manner of a five year-old. Finally, the films depiction of Civil War battles, not to mention the battle of Little Big Horn, were laughable. There were twenty, MAYBE thirty men all lined up on either side of the field, and every time the Union soldiers fought, at least two Confederate soldiers o r Indians fell, dead. However, when the opposing side fired or attacked, the Union cavalries were nearly impregnable.